It is also known from a study of the Australians who joined the army in World War II that they were generally young and unmarried. Alternatively, send a cheque to our treasurer, Cheques should be made payable to COFEPOW and sent to the following address:-, Mr. David BrownCOFEPOW14 RidgecroftAshton-Under-LyneLancashireOL7 9TGUnited Kingdom, Choose between a single or joint membership. 321 relations. Railway Construction Camp - Kanya, Thailand. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. With an enormous pool of captive labour at their disposal, the Japanese forced approximately 200,000 Asian conscripts and over 60,000 Allied POWs to construct the Burma Railway. [73] Bad weather forced the cancellation of the mission and the AZON was never deployed against the bridge. Those who stayed behind were accommodated in camp "hospitals" which were simply one or more crude jungle huts. The railway has been purchased by the Thai Government from its starting point at Ban Pong to the Burmese border, and it is now part of the Royal State railways. The Burma Railway, also known as the SiamBurma Railway, ThaiBurma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415km (258mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). description Object description. The map shows the significance of the building of the Thai-Burma railway by the Australian prisoners of war to Australia because it shows where the POWs were located whilst being prisoners. They have no latrines. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. They utilised a labour force composed of prisoners of war taken in the campaigns in South-East Asia and the Pacific, and coolies brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies or conscripted in Siam and Burma. The first cut at Konyu was approximately 1,500 feet (450 metres) long and 23 feet (7 metres) deep, and the second was approximately 250 feet (75 metres) long and 80 feet (25 metres) deep. From British mathematician Arthur Thomas Doodson's Tide-prediction machine, and PLUTO (short for 'pipeline under the ocean' - supplied petrol from Britain to Europe), to the German's 'Rommel's Asparagus', discover 7 clever innovations used on D-Day. [78][79], In 1946,[89] the remains of most of the war dead were moved from former POW camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries. Camps were usually named after the kilometre where they were located. [12][13] The projected completion date was December 1943. [54][55], After the completion of the railroad, over 10,000 POWs were then transported to Japan. However, the film and book contain many historical inaccuracies, and should be considered works of fiction. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more coercive methods, rounding up workers and impressing them, especially in Malaya. [42][43] Workers were moved up and down the railway line as needed. More recently, the motion picture The Railway Man (based on the book of the same name) also gives insight into the barbaric conditions and suffering that were inflicted upon the workers who built the railway. Elsewhere in the Pacific some 10 000 British, Canadian and Indian troops were captured when Hong Kong fell in December 1941 and further 5000 in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in early 1942. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. All nationalities listed by camp and/or party. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. Neither drugs or surgical instruments were supplied by the Japanese, and although later on certain medical supplies were made available they were always inadequate. Flanagan's 2013 book The Narrow Road to the Deep North centres on a group of Australian POWs and their experiences building the railway as slave labour, and was awarded the 2014 Man Booker Prize. Sort by: POW Thai Burma Death. Burma Thailand Railway Memorial Association, Remembering the sufferings of POW's on the Burma-Thai Railway. Burma Railway, also called Burma-Siam Railway, railway built during World War II connecting Bangkok and Moulmein (now Mawlamyine ), Burma ( Myanmar ). [47] Coast's work is noted for its detail on the brutality of some Japanese and Korean guards as well as the humanity of others. [30][31][32] During the initial stages of the construction of the railway, Burmese and Thais were employed in their respective countries, but Thai workers, in particular, were likely to abscond from the project and the number of Burmese workers recruited was insufficient. The Japanese assumed that if Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalist forces were deprived of this key logistical resource, their conquest of China could be easily completed. The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415 km (258 mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar).It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian laborers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the . [7] The Japanese began this project in June 1942. It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian laborers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the Burma campaign of World War II. The youth of many Australian prisoners of war was very evident and many enlisted at an age younger than 20. At the same time the 'Sweat Army' of labourers from Burma, ostensibly volunteers but many conscripted by the puppet Burmese government, toiled on the construction work. Some rosters show if living, dead or killed in action (KIA), cause of death and burial site. A bridge was not built until the Thanlwin Bridge (carrying both regular road and railroad traffic) was constructed between 2000 and 2005. This is a list of notable prisoners of war (POW) whose imprisonment attracted notable attention or influence, or who became famous afterwards. Whatever tensions there may have been during captivity, the Dutch, British and Australians who died on the ThaiBurma railway were buried together after the war. Powered by WordPress. "[38], The first prisoners of war, 3,000 Australians, to go to Burma left Changi Prison in Singapore on 14 May 1942 and journeyed by sea to near Thanbyuzayat ( in the Burmese language; in English 'Tin Shelter'), the northern terminus of the railway. Gradually more forces were sent to Burma and Thailand; in total more than 60,000 prisoners of war were transported to the railway project during 1942-3. The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project inspired by the need for improved communications to maintain the large Japanese Armv in Burma. The remains of the notorious F-Force camp in Thailand. The Prisoner List. Chungkai War Cemetery, near Kanchanaburi, has a further 1,693 war graves. His account of the conditions and suffering endured by his fellow prisoners and himself makes for the most extraordinary and disturbing reading. Burma-Siam Railway 1942-1945, Second World War. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415 km (258 mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). Privacy Policy. The only redeeming feature was the ease with which the sick could be evacuated to base hospitals in trains returning empty from Burma. Organization of the Labor. notebook kept by captain harold lord, regular officer in the royal army service corps (rasc), whilst a japanese prisoner of war working on the burma-thailand railway in 1943, listing neatly and chronologically the names of the british prisoners of war who worked on the railway, may - december 1943, together with the following information about Over 22 000 Australians were captured by the Japanese when they conquered South East Asia in early 1942. Max Heiliger-Laundering money for the Nazis. One factor was that many European and US doctors had little experience with tropical diseases. Other parties were employed on cutting and building roads, some through virgin jungle, or in building defence positions. 0 9 4 minutes read. This is ironic, since for most of the war in the Pacific Changi was, in reality, one of the most benign of the Japanese prisoner-of-war camps; its privations were relatively minor compared to those of others, particularly those on the Burma-Thailand railway. Nearly 15 000 were captured on Singapore in February 1942 and over a thousand on each of Ambon, Dutch Timor, and New Britain. Construction was extremely difficult, with the route crossing through thick, mosquito-infested jungle and uneven terrain while monsoon conditions prevailed. Used with permission of the author, Lilian Sluyter. [62], At the end of World War II, 111 Japanese military officials were tried for war crimes for their brutality during the construction of the railway. Another thirteen letter parties, L to X, soon followed, taking the number of British working on the railway at the end of 1942 to around 20 000. [59], Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. Those who have no known grave are commemorated by name on memorials elsewhere; the land forces on either the Rangoon Memorial or the Singapore Memorial and the naval casualties on memorials at the manning ports. Altogether, some 35,000 parachute and glider troops were involved in the operation. The records of a million World War II Prisoners of War will be published online today. [9] Much of the construction materials, including tracks and sleepers, were brought from dismantled branches of Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks. They were some of 42 000 Dutch military and naval personnel and 100 000 Dutch civilians who were captured when the Japanese conquered the Netherlands East Indies in early 1942. This video is sponsored by Ground News - The world's first news comparison platform. [69] An unknown number of Malayan workers were housed in a nearby camp. This was the same time at which Australians in A Force left Changi for Burma. Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. 61,000 Prisoners of War were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand Railway in the most atrocious conditions. [29], The number of Southeast Asian workers recruited or impressed to work on the Burma railway has been estimated to have been more than 180,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers (rmusha). "About a dozen on the Burma side and more again on the Thailand side of the railway, in camps like F-Force and D-Force, and about eight men who were with 'Weary' Dunlop at Hintok," he said. He served 11 years. Taff suffered from dysentery, malaria, beri beri and cholera but, unlike so many, he survived. The movement of POWs northward from Changi Prison in Singapore and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942. [23][24] The money was used to compensate neighbouring countries and colonies for material stolen by Japan during the construction of the railway. These coolies have been brought from Malaya under false pretenses 'easy work, good pay, good houses!' The first contingent of British to work on the ThaiBurma railway was sent to Burma (now Myanmar) from Sumatra in May 1942, as part of the 500-strong Medan Force. All of that makes this railway an extraordinary accomplishment."[20]. [62], Workers in more isolated areas suffered a much higher death rate than did others. Map Created by Philip Cross July 2000. [77], Hellfire Pass in the Tenasserim Hills was a particularly difficult section of the line to build: it was the largest rock cutting on the railway, it was in a remote area and the workers lacked proper construction tools during building. In contrast, only 4000 Australians were captured by the Germans and Ottomans in World War I. Java was the place where the second largest group of Australians was captured. [98] There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself,[99] and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. Under Australian legislation prior to 1943 conscripts could be used only for the defence of Australian territories. These pages are dedicated to the prisoners who lost their lives working as slave labour for the Japanese to build a railway between Thailand and Burma in WW2. There is a popular perception that they also died at a higher rate than Australians. Records of the Army Staff, RG 319. As a result of war bombing on bridges repeatedly, the Japanese used it to supply their troops in Burma. By far the majority of British POWs nearly 29 000 of them were sent to Thailand. The list contains over 1700 names and is particularly interesting as a record of the decimation, by disease or untreated wounds, of prisoners working on the Burma-Thailand railway. A lower death rate among Dutch POWs and internees, relative to those from the UK and Australia, has been linked to the fact that many personnel and civilians taken prisoner in the Dutch East Indies had been born there, were long-term residents and/or had Eurasian ancestry; they tended thus to be more resistant to tropical diseases and to be better acclimatized than other Western Allied personnel. In these camps entertainment flourished as an essential part of their rehabilitation. Burma was a key strategic objective for the Japanese for two reasons. Many remember Japanese soldiers as being cruel and indifferent to the fate of Allied prisoners of war and the Asian rmusha. A further 354 were from the Royal Australian Navy and 373 from the Royal Australian Air Force. In 1943 Dutch prisoners were sent to Thailand where they suffered the same hardships as other Allied POWs. The book Through the Valley of the Kwai and the 2001 film To End All Wars are an autobiography of British Army captain Ernest Gordon. Burma-Siam Railway list of prisoner of war work camps in Thailand during the construction of the death railway, with diagram. [57][58], In addition to malnutrition and physical abuse, malaria, cholera, dysentery and tropical ulcers were common contributing factors in the death of workers on the Burma Railway. A second air-raid by the RAF on 24 June finally severely damaged and destroyed the railroad bridges, and put the entire railway line out of commission for the rest of the war. From June 1942 onwards large groups of prisoners were transferred periodically to Thailand and Burma from Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Yet many of them have shown extraordinary kindness to sick British prisoners passing down the river, giving them sugar and helping them into the railway trucks at Tarsao. The defendants were charged with crimes against Western prisoners of war and civilians and with crimes against local people. Khwae was frequently mispronounced by non-Thai speakers as kwai, or 'buffalo' in Thai). Object details Category Books Related period Second World War (content), Second World War (content) Creator BURMA-SIAM RAILWAY (Author) n.pub. ARTICLE 29. During this time, most of the POWs were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan to alleviate the manpower shortage there. The largest of these is at Hellfire Pass (north of the current terminus at Nam Tok), a cutting where the greatest number of people died. The living and working conditions on the railway were horrific. Rivers and canyons had to be bridged and sections of mountains had to be cut away to create a bed that was straight and level enough to accommodate the narrow-gauge track. In 1943 Dutch prisoners were sent to Thailand where they suffered the same hardships as other Allied POWs. The first train to pass Konkoita on the newly constructed Burma-Thailand railway, built for the Japanese by prisoner of war (POW) labour. In reality, however, the death rates of British and Australians across all sites on the railway were scarcely any different 22 and 21 per cent respectively. He was one of Dunlop's 1,000 the men under commanding . Includes Changi, the Burma-Thailand Railway, Sandakan, Timor, Ambon, Rabaul and Japan, and the prisoners who died . But this phase soon passed and from May 1944 until the capitulation of Japan in August 1945 parties of prisoners were sent from the various base camps to work on railway maintenance, cut fuel for the locomotives, and handle stores at dumps along the line. Many men in the railway workforce bore the brunt of pitiless or uncaring guards. These men came from all over Australia though some battalions had strong regional roots. It also describes the living and working conditions experienced by the POWs, together with the culture of the Thai towns and countryside that became many POWs' homes after leaving Singapore with the working parties sent to the railway. On the Thai/Burma Railway and in the mines of Formosa, blast injuries were encountered. Part II: Asian Romusha: The Silenced Voices of History", "Distances between camps on the Burma-Thailand Railway", "Last Man Out: A Memoir of the Burma-Thailand Death Railway", "Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war The BurmaThailand Railway", "The Thailand-Burma Railway, 19421946: documents and selected writings", "Tamarkan, Tha Makham 56.20km - Thailand", "Forgotten Sikhs of the Siam -Burma Death Railway", "The lies that built The Bridge on the River Kwai", "Old China Hands, Tales & Stories The Azon Bomb", "Aerial photograph of Kanchanaburi, Thailand during a raid by Allied aircraft including", "Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine), longest and largest in Myanmar, emerges to serve interests of State and region", "Railway of Death: Images of the construction of the BurmaThailand Railway 19421943", "Birma-Siam Spoorweg en de Pakan Baroe Spoorweg. Australians were not the largest national group on the railway. The two parties met at Nieke in November 1943, and the line - 263 miles long - was completed by December. [21][22] The railway link between Thailand and Burma was to be separated again for protecting British interests in Singapore. When the Japanese were not satisfied with the pace of work, prisoners were forced to endure atrocious physical punishment, and some 700 Allied prisoners died or were killed at Hellfire Pass. [53], The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. If you are joining after August, please choose the month you are joining in below. His subordinates Colonel Shigeo Nakamura, Colonel Tamie Ishii and Lieutenant-Colonel Shoichi Yanagita were sentenced to death. In due course the inevitable happened - a cholera epidemic broke out. Throughout the building of the railway, food supplies were irregular and totally inadequate. The rail line was built along the Khwae Noi (Kwai) River valley to support the Japanese armed forces during the Burma Campaign. [10][11] After preliminary work of airfields and infrastructure, construction of the railway began in Burma and Thailand on 16 September 1942. The vast majority of the men of the 2nd AIF were of European descent. The large population of local labourers, estimated to number around 100,000, had an even higher mortality rate. Since 1945 prisoners of war and the Burma-Thailand railway have come to occupy a central place in Australia's national memory of World War II. [17] A holiday was declared for 25 October which was chosen as the ceremonial opening of the line. More than 12,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and tens of thousands of forced labourers perished during its construction. More than 22 000 Australians were taken prisoner in the Asia-Pacific region in the early months of 1942. The horrendous experiences endured by the thousands of POWs has made the Burma Railway a place of pilgrimage and commemoration. Brought up by barge on the Kwai Noi river, or by lorry on a road which was merely a converted jungle track, a consistent service could not be maintained by either method, and rations were nearly always below even the Japanese official scales. What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article POWs nearly 000. It to supply their troops in Burma November 1943, and the AZON was never against!, the film and book contain many historical inaccuracies, and should be considered of... Australian Navy and 373 from the Royal Australian Navy and 373 from the Royal Australian Navy and 373 from Royal! Were sent to Thailand published online today Australian prisoners of war work camps in Thailand during the of... First News comparison platform uneven terrain while monsoon conditions prevailed the Asia-Pacific in! 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