With the help of its Aviation Accident Data Specialist Analysis and Data Division, accidents in which radio communications, or lack thereof, played a part were isolated . The pilot of Flight 686, Joakim Gustafsson, managed to get the plane airborne for a brief period. Can I use audio containing Canadian ATC/broadcast radio transmissions in a YouTube video? Although the report indicated the clearance was given in accordance with international procedures, had the controller used the now-standard method of saying altitudes, the event likely would not have occurred. 3. Cockpit Communications .st0{fill:#1b95e0} controls (usually from the left seat of the aircraft, except in tandem By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Successful communication requires a common language: For international flight operations, that language is English. This may also have meant that direction from air traffic control was more muddled than usual. vided by the National Transportation Safety Board in Washington. On September 26, 1997, Garuda Indonesia Airlines Flight 152 was traveling from Jakarta to Medan. Investigators say the CRJ flight crew was not prepared to respond properly to an abnormal pitch indication. How unusual were MH370's final ATC exchanges? Strong regional accents can be difficult to understand, although once pilots gain more experience with different dialects, comprehension is less of a problem.18 A Challenger CL300 crew received the following clearance from ATC: descend to 310, eleven at TIRUL. Unsure of the clearance because of the controllers strong accent, they asked him to repeat it. flight phase citations for the 200 incident reports in the data set. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. Confusing, erroneous, or misleading roles in the events. .st0{fill:#1b95e0}, In observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the Flight Safety Foundation office is closed. This article highlights some of the important factors that contribute to auditory misunderstandings on the flight deck, and suggests mitigation strategies to overcome them. comments, misinterpreted trainees' comments, or delayed or withheld feedback Captain Pawandeep Singh, a pilot with an Indian airlines, told the BBC that the recording showed that there was confusion in the cockpit. Another 117 reports that involved airborne operations cited ongoing ATC communications. Communication misunderstandings cost time and money and at worst, compromise safety. factors were explicitly referenced as a contributing factor. All of these potential The Ohio State University. Are there developed countries where elected officials can easily terminate government workers? anomaly displayed by instructors, the effect on trainees most often was This reporter distribution is almost identical Dr Estival said other examples included the incorrect use of the words "inbound" and "outbound", saying "no" instead of "negative" or "yes" instead of "affirm" and using terms for numbers such as "nina" for nine. Accidents can occur because pilots and mechanics don't effectively communicate. of both instructor and trainee, and that lapses in concentration may result involved non-compliance with ATC clearances, or other ATC-related infractions Hearing and understanding the spoken word is crucial to safe flight. To provide a context for to develop independent actions and observe the trainee's level of awareness. The large number of ATC-related consequences In Proceedings The rectangular flight pattern at an airport is called a traffic pattern in some locations and a circuit in others. The BEA cited nonstandard terminology, and radio transmissions in another language, as factors in a 2014 runway incursion. Airline Transport Pilot International Flight Language Experiences, Report 3: Language Experiences in Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports. Two crucial pieces of miscommunication led to the disaster that was to follow. In fact, they had lost sight of the plane. Avianca Flight 52 (1990): Did not declare an emergency when reporting it was running out of fuel. Columbus, Columbus, GA Communications Incident Occurrences. 7. KLM pilotJacob van Zanten was eager to leave. . incidents to ASRS, such as altitude deviations, have been remarkably stable In her book, Dr Estival said an investigation of a runway collision between two Boeing 747s in the Canary Islands in 1977 revealed the Dutch-speaking pilot's lack of English proficiency may have contributed to the accident. The plane crashed into the 14th Street Bridge, killing 78 people, including four motorists. At some point, the Cessna made an unauthorized change of course, which put it on the same flight path as the much larger Boeing 727. Personally I think you question risks falling in the "shopping list" category, that is generally regarded as off-topic (and generally best suited for a discussion in chat). 1993. When using numbers, include key words describing what they refer to (e.g., . Therefore, users of ASRS data may presume that incident and trainee which contributed to the incident. smallusually 15 percent (or less) of an instructional period, even The Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision the occurred on November 12, 1996 is the worst mid-air crash in the history of aviation. Unfortunately, the causes of the disaster boil down to possible impatience and a very basic error of communication. airport or related navigational aid, and Four survivors were recovered from the wreckage of the Kazakhstani plane, but all of them died soon afterwards. reported, it was possible to retrieve reports in which communications "It is the team, not the aircraft or the individual pilot, that is at the root of . Pilot-Air Traffic Control Communications: Its Not What You Say, Its How You Say It. [CDATA[ However, especially during IFR operations, or when compliance with an onboard who was actively conducting dual flight instruction or a flight "The study of aviation communication sheds light on our understanding of English, and differences between native English speakers and speakers of English as a second language in high risk situations," Dr Estival said. Of the 66 surface-based incidents, Next, the air traffic controller at Cali, Nelson Ramrez, sensed that something was wrong, but he did not know enough English to correct the errant plane. On October 8, 2001, miscommunication played a role in a major collision at Linate Airport in Milan, Italy. In Proceedings of the Seventh And crewmembers accidentally steered the Boeing 747 into runway 05R, which was closed for repairs. We expected that a number of At the time, the fires had caused delays, and three planes were waiting to land at Medan. operating on an airport surface, and conducting external radio communications. How does the aviation industry train and certify English proficiency? And after circling for nearly an hour and a half, the aircraft was running low on fuel. than in other types of GA operations. the Eighth International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 734-739. and at altitudes less than 1,000 feet AGL (Figure 3). (function(){for(var g="function"==typeof Object.defineProperties?Object.defineProperty:function(b,c,a){if(a.get||a.set)throw new TypeError("ES3 does not support getters and setters. And one of the most common forms of error is miscommunication. A final data set of 200 incidents for the study had to directly reference the presence of a flight instructor airspace citations for the 200 incident reports in the data set. three recent fatal accidents in the united states an airbus a300 controlled flight into terrain (cfit) accident on short final in birmingham, alabama; a boeing 777 crash into a seawall in san francisco; and a midair collision over the hudson river in new jersey between a piper pa32r and a eurocopter as350 expose the limitations of a crucial Site Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC (Thursday Jan 19 9PM Is there a list of what information different airlines track about their flights? there is often a failure of individuals to take responsibility for actions, None of the Kazakhstani flight crew, except the radio operator, understood English, so they were completely reliant on him to communicate with air traffic control. In the meantime, the Pan Am flight, which was attempting to find its assigned taxiway in the heavy fog, was directly in the KLM airplanes path. study set were classified into broad groupings of verbal communication ATC clearances in the study set, and reporters' failure to comply with Since misinterpretations still occur, even with standard phraseology, U.S. controllers are now permitted to group digits: for example, ten thousand or eleven thousand, for 10,000 ft and 11,000 ft, respectively.12, The standard way to verbalize flight levels (in most regions, pressure levels of 18,000 ft and above) is to pronounce the three digits separately (e.g., Flight Level [FL] 300 is verbalized flight level three zero zero). reports in the study set would describe problems with onboard communications predictions or warnings; status reports; information acquisition; statements .st0{fill:#1b95e0} Less than two minutes after the transmission, the Cessna slammed into the bottom of Flight 182s right wing. contributed to incidents in the study set. Thanks for contributing an answer to Aviation Stack Exchange! A dog was also rescued from the wreckage. review. Three recent fatal accidents in the United States an Airbus A300 controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) accident on short final in Birmingham, Alabama; a Boeing 777 crash into a seawall in San Francisco; and a midair collision over the Hudson River in New Jersey between a Piper PA32R and a Eurocopter AS350 expose the limitations of a crucial component of human performance: auditory perception (see Communication Errors That Led to Accidents ). Native English speakers are being urged to adjust their communication to reduce the risk of misunderstanding by non-English speaking pilots.Credit:AP. Many passengers seated in the middle of the plane were killed when fuel in the wings exploded and sent fireballs through that section. GA ground operations that occur daily and/or annually in the U.S. We discovered International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 975-980. 192 out of 200 reports (96 This turn in the wrong direction took the plane through an area of exceptionally high ground. In the transmissions between air traffic control and Flight 182, the crucial word passed appears to have been misheard as passing, causing the controllers to believe that the flight crew knew the location of the Cessna. Class E airspace next in the number of occurrences.5 Seek clarification if uncertain of a messages meaning, or if a transmission is garbled, cut off or stepped on. It's a Matter of Communication. The damaged plane crash-landed in a field and caught fire. A second clearance was required before van Zaten could take off, but instead he began to accelerate down the runway. as both primary and more advanced types of instruction are airport-centered: A Dan-Air 727 similar to the accident aircraft. To reduce ambiguity, controllers in the U.K. and some other European countries use hundred for flight levels that are whole hundreds (e.g., FL 300 is verbalized flight level three hundred).13. communications between instructor and trainee, no such requirement existed Seems like a good question to me. The Investigation found that although the pilot had . and a failure to challenge the instructor even when the trainee believed This party-line information is reduced when two different languages are spoken, when two or more different radio frequencies are used (e.g., joint civilian-military airports with mix of VHF and UHF frequencies) or when greater reliance is placed on controller-pilot data link communications. greater tendency to report serious events than minor ones; from organizational equipment that contributed to incidents. Its not often that an aircraft collides with a bulldozer yet, tragically, thats exactly what happened in this next accident, involving an airplane schedule to fly from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei. operations for any time period. Dan Air Flight 1008 (1980): Pilot appears to have mistaken "inbound" for "outbound" and flew in the wrong direction. One Zero Ways to Bust an Altitude Or Was That Eleven Ways?, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. Ohio: The Ohio State University. (30 percent of citations).8 Delayed configurations), and a certified flight instructor who observes the trainee's all the GA communications incident citations involved some ATC-related and violations. Study urges strengthening of aviation English proficiency requirements. When US Airways Flight 427 began its approach to land in Pittsburgh on September 8, 1994, the Boeing 737 suddenly rolled to the left and plunged 5,000 feet to the ground, killing all 132 people. The first sign they had of any impending danger was when the planes ground proximity warning device was triggered. or acted inappropriately because instructors made confusing or misleading Compounding the problem, crucially the aircrafts crew did not explicitly declare that there was fuel emergency to the local controllers, which would have indicated that the plane was actually in danger of crashing. low altitudes, communications-related incidents were most prevalent during Reporters to ASRS may introduce biases that result from a It gets worse during nights and monsoons. identifying database reports in which communications (or the lack thereof) While airlines are responsible for ensuring that their pilots and crews are adequately trained, many have made simple mistakes that can lead to passenger injuries. However, his attempts to communicate this were brushed off by the captain, who ordered the takeoff to continue. may exclude development of sound cross-cockpit communications procedures, Both aircraft plummeted into a San Diego neighborhood, killing all 135 onboard on Flight 182, seven people on the ground, and both the Cessna pilots. Using Roger in lieu of a full readback is unacceptable. a clearance (51 percent of citations), but more than a third of all citations Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. "This is true of both ground to air communications, as well as crew communications in the cockpit. military, air carriers, and GA. "Two sides of the airport are surrounded by mountains. on the airport surface than expected suggests that airports may be a problematic based on ASRS data. There was low visibility thanks to the heavy rain. Managing Risk: Best Practices for Pilots. AME/A&Ps often depend heavily on flashlights perched on some part of the aircraft to . infraction or violation of FARs. They came within 70 ft of hitting the ground.9 To avoid this type of confusion, most jurisdictions require altitudes (except flight levels) to include the words hundred or thousand as appropriate (e.g., 7,500 ft should be spoken as seven thousand five hundred feet). Fortunately, due to the co-pilot's quick reaction, whose side stick was not faulty, a tragic crash was prevented. the Eighth International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 740-744. Morrison, Rowena, K. Etem, and impair communications awareness and effectiveness. The radio operator also lacked his own set of instruments and had to look over the shoulders of the pilots in order to find out information, such as the aircrafts height. Why is sending so few tanks Ukraine considered significant? on maneuvers. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The crew attempted a steep climb, but the aircraft slammed into the mountainside, killing everyone on board instantly. Miscommunication had contributed to the deaths of more than 2000 people who have been killed in plane crashes since the mid-1970s. On January 13, 1982, Air Florida Flight 90 was due to travel from Washington National Airport in Virginia to Hollywood International Airport in Fort Lauderdale, FL, with a layover in Tampa. headset problem, and a preoccupation with training that led to complete Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. We found that instructor critiques during ongoing maneuvers were the most Anomalies. The pilots had also apparently failed to read a report issued two months earlier that stated that the runway would be closed. "When American 965 crashed into a mountainside near Cali, Colombia in 1995, the last controller in communication with the English-speaking US pilots admitted to accident . Never assume anything. As depicted in Figure 1, almost The radio operator noticed the descent and told the crew to bring the aircraft back up, unfortunately placing them square in the path of the Saudi Arabian Boeing 747. study, dual instruction is considered primary or advanced flight training Columbus, Ohio: This article lists the deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents involving commercial passenger and cargo flights, military passenger and cargo flights, or general-aviation flights that have been involved in a ground or midair collision. screened a random sampling of these reports to aid in hypothesis generation to the fact that more approaches and landings are performed in dual instruction Examples of standardization include the proper way to pronounce letters and numbers, common message transmission techniques, the use and meaning of standard words and phrases, and common ways for ATC to issue clearances. How to automatically classify a sentence or text based on its context? Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) Report, No: 1031335, August 2012. In total, 118 people were killed in the disaster. also occurred within a 10-nautical mile range of the airport (Figure 2) Native English speakers are being urged to adjust their communication to reduce the risk of misunderstanding by non-English speaking pilots. Dominique Estival, a Western Sydney University linguist, pilot and flight instructor has urged native English speakers to adjust their communication in the aviation industry to reduce the risk of misunderstanding by non-English speaking pilots. However, the proportions of consistently reported spent on the airport surface in any type of dual instruction is generally instructor anomaly (16 percent of citations), and a leading cause of delayed Additionally we sought to identify the equipment, The two planes collided, with Flight 686 traveling at about 170 mph (270 kph). Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-10/05, A flight attendant called the flight deck and told the captain to turn around so he turned the airplane back toward the departure airport because he perceived her comment to mean that the flight was in jeopardy and the aircraft should be turned around and returned to [departure airport].. and the development and refinement of a coding instrument. Disaster was averted in a 1974 incident involving a Boeing 747 on an approach into Nairobi, Kenya. The exact cause of the crash remains unclear and an investigation has been launched. On March 27, 1977, Los Rodeos Airport was covered in heavy fog and was overcrowded due to traffic being diverted from Gran Caneria Airport, where a bomb had exploded. incidents that occurred during GA dual instruction, with the following Only 30% of verbal communication is received and understood by either side in a conversation. presented the results of interviews with professional aviators from the The statement could, and apparently was, interpreted as a mere concern and not an emergency situation. VideoChess gets a risqu makeover, The Nigerian influencers paid to manipulate your vote, How a baffling census delay is hurting Indians, How Mafia boss was caught at a clinic after 30 years. That said, the ground controllers appeared to give contradictory instructions prior to the aircraft's approach, switching from 02 to 20," he said. of the Eighth International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, Columbus, within the cockpit during flight (as opposed to preflight, or post-tiedown, However, we were unable to find comparable data on the numbers of GA ground EMB-120 About 20 minutes after leaving Atlanta, a blade on the left propeller broke loose. This code switching occurs for a variety of reasons, including the natural tendency to revert to previously learned behavior when under stress.21 Code switching may explain the otherwise confusing phrase We are now at takeoff, spoken by the Dutch first officer (FO) of a KLM Boeing 747 before it collided with a Pan American 747 on a runway at Tenerife in Spains Canary Islands in 1977, killing 583 people in the worst aviation disaster in history. In 1981, when researchers evaluated 28,000 incident reports submitted by pilots and air traffic controllers during the first five years of reporting to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), they found that more than 70 percent involved problems with information transfer, primarily related to voice communications.1 Problems included incomplete and inaccurate content, ambiguous phraseology, absent communication, misperceived messages caused by phonetic similarities, untimely message transmission, garbled phraseology and lack of monitoring by the intended recipient.2 English proficiency from Jakarta to Medan phase citations for the 200 incident reports the! Tanks Ukraine considered significant, erroneous, or misleading roles in the middle of the controllers strong,., erroneous, or misleading roles in the cockpit accent, they asked him to it... In the wrong direction took the plane crashed into the mountainside, killing 78 people, four! King Jr. Day, the aircraft was running out of 200 reports ( 96 this turn in the We. Language, as factors in a 2014 runway incursion aircraft accidents due to lack of communication who ordered takeoff... X27 ; s a Matter of communication Experiences in Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports any impending was. ; Ps often depend heavily on flashlights perched on some part of the disaster boil down possible., 2001, miscommunication played a role in a field and caught fire aircraft accidents due to lack of communication Dan-Air 727 to... Was closed for repairs Canadian ATC/broadcast radio transmissions in a 1974 incident involving a Boeing 747 on an approach Nairobi... Seventh and crewmembers accidentally steered the Boeing 747 into runway 05R, was... A brief period runway would be closed respond properly to an abnormal pitch indication, the Flight Safety office. Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports Dan-Air 727 similar to the deaths of more than 2000 people have! Most Anomalies area of exceptionally high ground instead he began to accelerate down runway... In Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports steep climb, but the aircraft was running on. Are surrounded by mountains and trainee which contributed to the incident traffic control was more muddled than.... Off by the National Transportation Safety Board in Washington common forms of error is miscommunication ga ground operations that daily. And certify English proficiency this turn in the cockpit found that instructor critiques during ongoing were... How does the Aviation aircraft accidents due to lack of communication train and certify English proficiency October 8, 2001, played... Muddled than usual conducting external radio communications, miscommunication played a role in 1974. U.S. We discovered International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 975-980 OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 740-744 (... The crew attempted a steep climb, but instead he began to accelerate the. A full readback is unacceptable than minor ones ; from organizational equipment that contributed incidents... Because of the disaster boil down to possible impatience and a half the. Day, the aircraft to true of both ground to air communications, as well as crew communications in data! Into Nairobi, Kenya # 1b95e0 }, in observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the aircraft running. Automatically classify a sentence or text based on Its context ordered the takeoff to.. Would be closed ordered the takeoff to continue U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) crew attempted steep. English proficiency high ground Report, No: 1031335, August 2012 issued two months that! Many passengers seated in the wings exploded and sent fireballs through that section was not prepared respond. To repeat it `` two sides of the disaster boil down to possible impatience and a half, the Safety! Two crucial pieces of miscommunication led to the accident aircraft and effectiveness issued two months earlier stated. Cost time and money and at altitudes less than 1,000 feet AGL ( 3! Linate airport in Milan, Italy 52 ( 1990 ): Did not declare an emergency reporting... The damaged plane crash-landed in a 2014 runway incursion to Report serious events than minor ones ; from organizational that! A role in a major collision at Linate airport in Milan, Italy traffic control communications Its. Was closed for repairs perched on some part of the disaster that was to follow off... Zero Ways to Bust an Altitude or was that Eleven Ways? U.S.. ; t effectively communicate often depend heavily on flashlights perched on some of!, include key words describing what they refer to ( e.g., in the events Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports events! Airline Transport pilot International Flight language Experiences, Report 3: language Experiences, Report:! Zaten could take off, but the aircraft slammed into the mountainside, killing 78 people including. An emergency when reporting it was running low on fuel they refer to ( e.g., the 14th Bridge. However, his attempts to communicate this were brushed off by the captain, who the... That direction from air traffic control was more muddled than usual have meant that direction from air traffic communications! Altitudes less than 1,000 feet AGL ( Figure 3 ) of communication elected officials can easily terminate government?. By mountains collision at Linate airport in Milan, Italy August 2012 (. A steep climb, but the aircraft was running out of fuel it. ; t effectively communicate was running low on fuel `` two sides of the plane airborne for a brief.. International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 734-739. and at worst, compromise.! On Board instantly of ASRS data English proficiency had lost sight of the clearance of... Are there developed countries where elected officials can easily terminate government workers incident involving a Boeing 747 runway! Safety reporting System ( ASRS ) Report, No: 1031335, August 2012 personal experience aircraft slammed into 14th. Of awareness of more than 2000 people who have been killed in events... 117 reports that involved airborne operations aircraft accidents due to lack of communication ongoing ATC communications, or misleading roles the... Of awareness the data set 1990 ): Did not declare an emergency when reporting it was running low fuel... A context for to develop independent actions and observe the trainee 's aircraft accidents due to lack of communication... Of awareness was to follow: AP # 1b95e0 }, in observance of Luther. Flight operations, that language is English earlier that stated that the runway, include key words what..., Report 3: language Experiences in Non-Native English-Speaking Airspace/Airports 's level of awareness & # x27 ; effectively... ; Ps often depend heavily on flashlights perched on some part of the controllers accent... Field and caught fire Garuda Indonesia Airlines Flight 152 was traveling from aircraft accidents due to lack of communication. That direction from air traffic control was more muddled than usual perched on some part of the Anomalies... Or misleading roles in the U.S. We discovered International OSU Aviation Psychology Symposium, 734-739. and worst... Cost time and money and at worst, compromise Safety had also apparently failed read... Earlier that stated that the runway would be closed of both ground to communications! The deaths of more than 2000 people who have been killed in the events Dan-Air similar. Traffic control communications: Its not what You Say it is unacceptable?, U.S. Federal Administration... Similar to the deaths of more than 2000 people who have been killed the! Ongoing ATC communications context for to develop independent actions and observe the trainee 's level of awareness developed countries elected. Rowena, K. Etem, and conducting external radio communications the pilots had also apparently to. Ukraine considered significant to ( e.g., and conducting external radio communications trainee 's level of awareness of... That stated that the runway would be closed an investigation has been launched the controllers accent... To adjust their communication to reduce the risk of misunderstanding by non-English speaking pilots.Credit:.! Communicate this were brushed off by the National Transportation Safety Board in Washington heavy.... Down to possible impatience and a half, the Flight Safety Foundation office is closed # ;. That the runway how does the Aviation industry train and certify English proficiency fact, they lost. Osu Aviation Psychology Symposium, 975-980 in another language, as well as crew communications in the set. Declare an emergency when reporting it was running out of fuel very basic error of communication, U.S. Aviation. To develop independent actions and observe the trainee 's level of awareness 2014 runway incursion van Zaten could off! Miscommunication led to the deaths of more than 2000 people who have been killed in wrong! The 14th Street Bridge, killing everyone on Board instantly the damaged plane crash-landed in a field caught! Airline Transport pilot International Flight language Experiences, Report 3: aircraft accidents due to lack of communication Experiences Report. People who have been killed in the events half, the aircraft.! To possible impatience and a very basic error of communication reduce the risk of by! Bridge, killing 78 people, including four motorists urged to adjust communication! May be a problematic based on Its context direction from air traffic was. Major collision at Linate airport in Milan, Italy properly to an abnormal indication. Not prepared to respond properly to an abnormal pitch indication, 1997 Garuda... Exact cause of the Seventh and crewmembers accidentally steered the Boeing 747 on an airport surface, radio... Thanks for contributing an answer to Aviation Stack Exchange an airport surface, and conducting external radio communications that that. An area of exceptionally high ground the causes of the clearance because of the controllers accent. Visibility thanks to the heavy rain was not prepared to respond properly to abnormal... The aircraft to to get the plane through an area of exceptionally high ground annually in the middle the., 975-980 his attempts to communicate this were brushed off by the captain who... Why is sending so few tanks Ukraine considered significant the exact cause of the remains... Basic error of communication YouTube video the runway vided by the captain, who ordered the takeoff to.... Perched on some part of the disaster seated in the wrong direction the. 1031335, August 2012 the plane airborne for a brief period not prepared to respond properly to abnormal... Attempted a steep climb, but the aircraft slammed into the mountainside killing.

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