But a few days before the ceremony, he heard rumours that the goldsmith had cheated him, and given him a crown not of pure gold, but of gold that had silver mixed in it. So now, all that remained for Archimedes to do was to compare the volume of the crown to the volume of the amount of gold that Hiero had given the goldsmith. This is the work that leads to the Archimedes Principle, which states that a body partially or completely immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Archimedes was born around 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse in Sicily. Stomachion was also discovered in the palimpsest, with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts. Archimedes, While taking a bath, noticed something that changed the world. Archimedes is said to be a relative of Hiero II, the then king of Syracuse and presumably lived a royal life. Its ruler at the time was King Hiero II. In 1586, Galileo wrote a short treatise calledLa Bilancetta, orThe Little Balance,in which he expressed his scepticism of Vitruvius story and presented his own theory of how Archimedes might actually have detected the goldsmiths dishonesty. It is the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems, referred to by Suidas and thought to have been lost forever. The Roman historian Polybius relates that Archimedes now made such extensive preparations, both within the city and also to guard against an attack from the sea, that there would be no chance of the defenders being employed in meeting emergencies but that every move of the enemy could be replied to instantly by a counter move.huge beams were suddenly projected at the [Roman] ships from the walls, which sank some of them with great weights plunging down from on high; others were seized at the prow by iron claws.drawn straight up into the air, and then plunged stern foremost into the depths. According to the best-known version, by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (l. c. 90 to c. 20 BCE), Hiero II supplied an artisan with pure gold to make a crown. Answer and Explanation: 1 - Armand D'Angour, How taking a bath led to Archimedes Principle - Mark Salata, Theoi Classical Texts Library: Tzetzes Chiliades Book 2, The Historians of Ancient Rome: An Anthology of the Major Writings, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Like John Wayne a few centuries later, Archimedes took a bath. Also known as Loculus of Archimedes or Archimedes' Box,[81] this is a dissection puzzle similar to a Tangram, and the treatise describing it was found in more complete form in the Archimedes Palimpsest. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Church forced Galileo to recant, and placed him under house arrest for the last eight years of his life, for having believed and taught Copernicus theory. Eric Temple Bell, for instance, wrote: Any list of the three greatest mathematicians of all history would include the name of Archimedes. "Sur l histoire de la balance hydrostatique et de quelques autres appareils et procds scientifiques.". The details of these relationships are unknown, but Archimedes admired Eratosthenes well enough to dedicate his work The Method to him. He based his theory on the Archimedes Principle, and on Archimedes work on levers. Archimedes is said to have thought on this problem for some time until one day, lowering himself into his bath, he noticed the water rose as it was displaced by his body and understood this principle could be used in establishing the density of the crown. The Roman soldier disregarded his plea and killed him. Archimedes. E. During the invasion of the Romans. Going by the Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis, King Hiero II gave Archimedes the task of designing a ship, "Syracusia" that could carry large number of people, supplies and could be used as a naval warship. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Other works attributed to Archimedes survive in Arabic translation. He writes that a Roman soldier came up to Archimedes and commanded him to follow him to Marcellus. At that time, he developed many inventions. Modern-day reconstructions of the claw of Archimedes have proven that the device probably worked as described by ancient historians. Scholars continue to debate whether the device ever existed as described, but it seems some sort of invention not a catapult was created by Archimedes that set ships on fire from a distance. The goldsmith, receiving his payment, went away. Reviel Netz of Stanford University argued in 2003 that Archimedes was attempting to determine how many ways the pieces could be assembled into the shape of a square. (Livingstone, 125). Now, since a body immersed in water is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the water displayed by the body, the denser body, which has a smaller volume for the same weight, would sink lower in the water than the less dense one. Curious, Archimedes continued to lower himself slowly into the water, and he noticed that the more his body sank into the water, the more water ran out over the sides of the tub. He wrote: There are some, King Gelo (Gelo II, son of Hiero II), who think that the number of the sand is infinite in multitude; and I mean by the sand not only that which exists about Syracuse and the rest of Sicily but also that which is found in every region whether inhabited or uninhabited. He was regarded as a mathematical and engineering genius in his time, and this reputation is maintained in the present day. Archimedes was persuaded to correspond with the ruler of Syracuse, King Hiero II. He was Archimedes of Syracuse. As he began to lower himself into the water, the water in the tub began to spill out over the sides. Before his death in 216 BC, Hiero set Archimedes to work, strengthening the walls of Syracuse and modifying its great stronghold, the Euryelos fortress. It is very likely that Archimedes detected the goldsmiths fraud by a method similar to that described by Galileo. Archimedes' principle explains why an object floats instead of sinking (the principle of flotation), and so he is known as the father of hydrostatics. Belonging to a Greek family young Archimedes was always encouraged to get education and be knowledgeable. The title comes from his attempt to determine how many grains of sand would fill the universe and, to do this, he needed to know how large the universe was. But if the goldsmith had been honest, then the crown remained what it had been intended to be, a sacred offering, and it would be placed in the temple as planned. Archimedes (l. 287-212 BCE) was a Greek engineer and inventor who is regarded as the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one the greatest of all time. King Hiero II was unlike any other king of the ancient Greek world. The treatises by Archimedes known to exist only through references in the works of other authors are: Encyclopedia of ancient Greece By Wilson, Nigel Guy, Berthelot, Marcel. The Sand Reckoner:this is a small work, written for the layman. (Livingstone, 125). Very little is known of his personal life. Some maintain that he belonged to the nobility of Syracuse, and that his family was in some way related to that of Hiero II, King of Syracuse. Galileo Galilei was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist. They included compound pulley systems, a planetarium showing the motions of the sun, moon, and planets as viewed from the earth, and a mechanism known as the Egyptian or Archimedes Screw, for raising water, which was used for by the Egyptians to raise water from streams and canals to irrigate their fields and by the Romans to pump water out of mines and the holds of ships. The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to 1st century AD poet Manilius, which reads in Latin: Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri ("Rise above oneself and grasp the world"). "Archimedes." Mark, published on 11 March 2022. But, if the goldsmith had replaced some of the gold with silver, then the volume of the gold+silver crown would be greater than the volume of the gold, and so the crown would displace more water than the gold. Because this is just the start of a fascinating story. Archimedes' screw was a cylinder enclosing a twisted blade that revolved upwards when turned by a crank, a mechanism still used today. Marcellus was greatly distressed upon hearing the news of Archimedes' death, and ordered that he be buried with honors. He was a former general of Pyrrhus of Epirus and an important figure of the First Punic War. The well-known Archimedes Principle used in hydrostatics results from an interesting story. King Hiero II had anticipated such an eventuality. The word itself derives from the Greek , murias, for the number 10,000. Archimedes ( Greek: ) (c. 287 B.C.E. Archimedes' most famous work is the invention of how to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object. The Archimedes Palimpsest is a manuscript discovered in 1906 of Archimedes' The Method and other works that had been reused to write a Christian liturgical text on. This was against the belief of the Roman Catholic Church, which held that the earth was the centre of the Universe and that the Sun revolved around the earth. His father, Vincenzio Galilei was a musician. Archimedes, says Plutarch, had requested his friends that, when he died, to mark his tomb with a sphere inscribed inside a cylinder. Jay Goldman, The Queen of Mathematics: A Historically Motivated Guide to Number Theory, p 88. There are two books to On the Equilibrium of Planes: the first contains seven postulates and fifteen propositions, while the second book contains ten propositions. All rights reservedTerms of Use and Copyright StatementPrivacy Policy. Galileos major works wereDialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,Ptolemaic and Copernican(1632) andDialogue Concerning Two New Sciences(1638). Archimedes is also credited with the discovery of the principle of buoyancy, or the power of a fluid to exert an upward force on a body placed in it. King Hiero had ordered a goldsmith to make him a new crown in the shape of laurel wreath, but he was not sure whether the crown was eventually made only with gold or if gold had been mixed with other metals, like silver. Hiero often turned to Archimedes for advice on military and other matters. He was famous for getting so absorbed in his studies, that he forgot about social conventions. Euclid was one of the most well-known scholars who lived in Alexandria prior to Archimedes' arrival in the city. W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, p 57, "Archimedes and the spirals: The heuristic background", "Archimedes: The Greatest Scientist Who Ever Lived", "The 12 mathematicians who unlocked the modern world", "Who's the Greatest Mathematician of Them All? In the first book, Archimedes spells out the law of equilibrium of fluids and proves that water will adopt a spherical form around a center of gravity. Hiero made preparations for the ceremony to place the wreath in the temple that he had chosen. As with The Cattle Problem, The Method of Mechanical Theorems was written in the form of a letter to Eratosthenes in Alexandria. The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th-century copies of previously lost treatises by Archimedes. Archimedes is regarded as the greatest mathematician and scientist of his age, though only a few of his writings have survived into modern times. Explanation []. | by Wojciech Wieczorek | ILLUMINATION | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. In the third century BC, Syracuse was a hub of commerce, art and science. Archimedes' fame as a mathematical genius rests on a number of his works, many still extant, which are considered major contributions to the field. Archimedes of Syracuse became the "Father of Mathematics" for his pure love and devotion towards the subject. Scholar T. L. Heath comments: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Archimedes is best known for his inventions created during the reign of King Hiero II, such as the Archimedes screw . On the Measurement of the Circle:a short work which contains his approximation for the value of Pi. His law is passed in school, and he himself is still considered one of the greatest scientists of all time. He then got the idea that the . Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. When he had learned as much as he could from his teachers, Archimedes traveled to Egypt in order to study in Alexandria. In this treatise, also known as Psammites, Archimedes finds a number that is greater than the grains of sand needed to fill the universe. It is addressed to Eratosthenes and the mathematicians in Alexandria. He was a great civilization all by himself.[101]. Archimedes' work was translated into Arabic by Thbit ibn Qurra (836901AD), and into Latin via Arabic by Gerard of Cremona (c. 11141187). This treatise was thought lost until the discovery of the Archimedes Palimpsest in 1906. One of these was a young general called Hiero. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. According to Plutarch, the ancient Greek historian and biographer, Archimedes was a distant cousin of Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse. The king suspected his goldsmith was embezzling some of the gold. Some of his sections float with the base under water and the summit above water, similar to the way that icebergs float. More than eighteen hundred years after Archimedes is said to have helped King Hiero detect the goldsmiths fraud, another young man, also twenty-two years old at the time, pondered the same problem. But Hiero had given strict instructions that the crown was not to be damaged in any way. World History Encyclopedia. The end of Archimedes life was anything but uneventful. The inventor Nikola Tesla praised him, saying: Archimedes was my ideal. Plutarch gives a slightly different account. When the rays, later, were reflected into this, a fearful fiery kindling was lifted to the vessels, and reduced them to ashes from the length of a bow shot. How then, would this realisation help him to answer Hieros question had the goldsmith mixed silver in the golden crown or not? Archimedes also constructed war machines to defend Syracuse. The story of the survival of Archimedes' treatises down to our own time is intricate and complicated, and has been traced in extraordinary detail. Regardless, Archimedes was definitely not a pauper, he . Archimedes is famous for his contributions to hydrostatics, mechanics, astronomy, mathematics, and engineering. Besides being a mathematician he was a great engineer, astronomer and physicist. Archimedes came up with the Archimedes Principle in response. Polybius most likely omitted information on Archimedes' life because a biography (now lost) had already been published. 13. Rome sent the generals Claudius Marcellus and Appius Claudius Pulcher (d. 211 BCE) against Syracuse in 214 BCE to bring it back in line. In 212 B.C., Marcellus, a Roman general, decided to conquer Syracuse with a full frontal assault on both land and sea. [89][90], The foremost document containing Archimedes' work is the Archimedes Palimpsest. The other two usually associated with him are Newton and Gauss. He is known as the 'father of mathematical physics', and the 'father of integral calculus', quite rightly. This work of 28 propositions is also addressed to Dositheus. One of the greatest minds of classical antiquity, Archimedes (c. 287 BCE - c. 212 BCE) was a scholastic "triple-threat" who made astonishingly original contributions to mathematics, physics, and engineering. The erasure was partial, and today, thanks to the power of modern technology, we can read what the monk had copied. From references to him in the writings of other authors, we know that Archimedes wrote several more works, which have not survived. As the claw was dropped onto a ship, which was attacking, the arm of the device would swing upwards to raise the ship out of the water and possibly result . Shortly thereafter, legions of the Roman army sailed to Syracuse and laid siege to the city walls. The invention came when Archimedes was asked to verify the purity of the gold crown that the King had made. Archimedes, however, in writing to King Hiero, whose friend and near relation he was, had stated that given the force, any given weight might be moved, and even boasted, we are told, relying on the strength of demonstration, that if there were another earth, by going into it he could remove this. Archimedes Facts 21-30. Reviel Netz, William Noel, The Archimedes Codex: Revealing The Secrets Of The World's Greatest Palimpsest. King Hiero called upon Archimedes to design war machines to defend the country against the Romans who . He then gently lowered the lump of silver into it. Archimedes' solution was to create a machine consisting of a hollow tube containing a spiral that could be turned by a handle at one end. As a youth in Syracuse Archimedes developed his natural curiosity and penchant for problem solving. Archimedes is said to have invented astronomical devices which could identify the positions and motions of the sun, moon, and planets. The writer Lucian of Samosata (l. c. 125 to c. 180 CE), for example, only says that Archimedes destroyed enemy ships with fire, and Anthemius of Tralles claims he did so using "burning-glasses," but neither describes how this was done. Archimedes IllustrationDr. He is credited with a number of inventions still in use today (such as the Archimedes screw) and is referred to as the father of mathematics and mathematical physics. (Tzetzes, Chiliades, 2). Beginning the treatise On Floating Bodies with an assumption about uniform pressure in a fluid, he first proves that the surface of a fluid at rest is a sphere with its center at the center of the earth. Upon returning to Syracuse, he worked for King Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE), to whom he may have been related, as an engineer and problem-solver. [83] The puzzle represents an example of an early problem in combinatorics. To see all my Chemistry videos, check outhttp://socratic.org/chemistryIs the crown made of pure gold? It is written in the form of a correspondence with Dositheus of Pelusium, who was a student of Conon of Samos. Mark, J. J. The latter value was used throughout the Middle Ages and it is still used today when a rough calculation is required. Once he got to King Hiero, he explained his ingenious solution. We care about our planet! Hiero believed there was only one man in Syracuse capable of discovering the truth and solving his problem. Thus, it turns out that Archimedes is the most important scientist who ever lived. Despite the many fantastic tales surrounding the life of Archimedes, we are most indebted to him for his mathematical treatises and the contributions he made to the understanding of fundamental physical phenomena. The story goes that King Hiero had Archimedes invent a tool that could remove water from the hull of a ship, which led Archimedes to create the screw pump. Lever: Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth. Wiki content for hiero Hiero Hieronymus Bosch Hierapolis Hieronymites Cite This Work Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. This is where Archimedes discovery came in useful. The Archimedes Screw is still used as a method of irrigation in developing countries. In the 10th century CE, several of Archimedes works were copied by an unknown scribe, most probably a monk, into a parchment codex or book. The writings of Archimedes were first collected by the Byzantine Greek architect Isidore of Miletus (c. 530AD), while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD helped to bring his work a wider audience. This is a short work consisting of three propositions. In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes set out to calculate a number that was greater than the grains of sand needed to fill the universe. At that time Sicily was a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Archimedes/. He knew that since he could measure the crown's volume, all he had to do was discover its weight in order to calculate its density and hence its purity. It is said that Archimedes last words were Dont disturb my circles.. All we know of his family was that his father, Phidias, was an astronomer. As with many of the stories concerning Archimedes' life, there are variations on the details of the circumstances leading to the creation of Archimedes' screw, but they all involve the problem of removing water from the lowest deck of a ship. Then, after a great battle in 265 BCE, in which Hiero led the Syracusans to victory against their enemies, the people of Syracuse chose Hiero to be their king. The practicability of the heat ray as described has been tested in the modern day and found to be implausible, but it is unclear how accurate Pappus' description was or how the mirrors were angled. This is not a separate work of Archimedes, but a collection of some of his works discussed above. The best-known version comes from the Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis, who relates how Hiero II requested Archimedes design a massive ship for him, the greatest anyone had ever seen, which could serve in shipping, as a luxury vessel, or for warfare. One was last heard of in 1311, a second was last heard of in the 1550s, and the third is The Archimedes Palimpsest, now at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, and the subject of this website. His methods anticipated the integral calculus 2,000 years before Newton and Leibniz. On 29 October 1998, it was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for $2 million. Archimedes challenges them to count the numbers of cattle in the Herd of the Sun by solving a number of simultaneous Diophantine equations. [113], The Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of Archimedes, along with a carving illustrating his proof on the sphere and the cylinder. The philosopher Plutarch of Chaeronea (46-c.122) is the author of a series of double biographies in which he compared Greeks and Romans, and tried to explore the nature of some type of man. The goldsmith, said the rumours, had replaced some of the gold that Hiero had given him, with an equal weight of silver. Archimedes was possibly the world's greatest scientist at least the greatest in the classical age. Marcellus had great respect for Archimedes, and immediately dispatched soldiers to retrieve his foe. So, if the crown was pure gold, the scales would continue to balance even when immersed in the water. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Palimpsests were created by scraping the ink from existing works and reusing them, a common practice in the Middle Ages, as vellum was expensive. The process of measuring the volume of an irregularly shaped object is the most celebrated of Archimedes' inventions. Having set from an equally measured interval of the mirror small such mirrors, fourfold in their corners, that were set in motion both by cups and some hinge joints, he set that six-angled mirror in the middle of rays of the sun when it was midday both in the summer and in most of the wintry season. Archimedes's tale takes place some 2,250 years ago. Hiero weighed out a precise amount of gold, and appointing a goldsmith, commanded him to fashion out of the gold a wreath worthy of the gods. World History Encyclopedia. Euclid was a renowned mathematician, perhaps best remembered for collecting all of the existent Greek geometrical treatises and assembling them in a logical and systematic order in his book, The Elements. This compilation was fundamental to the study of geometry for over 2,000 years, and undoubtedly influenced the work of Archimedes. Goldsmith Crook kept assuring the King the crown was made of pure gold. Situated strategically between the two great powers, Sicily naturally became an object of contention. Archimedes was, arguably, the world's greatest scientist - certainly the greatest scientist of the classical age. Except for a period spent in Alexandria, Egypt, where he studied under the followers of the mathematician Euclid, Archimedes spent his life in Syracuse. Copyright Rohini Chowdhury 2002. Then, after a second assumption that bodies which are forced upwards in a flued are forced upwards along the perpendiculars to the surface which pass through their centers of gravity, Archimedes deals with the position of rest and stability of a segment of a sphere floating gin a fluid with its base entirely above or entirely below the surface. Netz calculates that the pieces can be made into a square 17,152 ways. The Romans were led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. ( Public Domain ) The Archimedes Screw . The ship was built according to Archimedes' plans but then, because of its size and weight, was found to leak a considerable amount of water through its hull. r Thus he came to the conclusion that the crown was not pure gold, and that the goldsmith had indeed mixed some silver (or other, lighter metal) into the gold in an attempt to cheat the king. The ship is featured in some versions of the story of Archimedes' principle which established that any floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid it is in. This story of Archimedes and the golden crown is found inDe ArchitecturaorThe Ten Books of Architecture, written by the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollo some time during the first century BCE. The simplest method of determining the volume of the crown would have been to melt it down, shape it into a cube and measure its volume. It was recorded that he was tasked by his tyrant king, Hiero II of Syracuse, with determining whether a votive crown made by a local goldsmith actually contained all the gold the king had provided for it, or whether the goldsmith had substituted an equal weight of silver for the more . Books It is the locus of points corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity. The work Heiberg identified (now known as the Archimedes Palimpsest) was reused in this way in around 1229 with the liturgical text written over the faded original, which, even so, could still be read. The 12th-century writer John Tzetzes of Byzantium (l. c. 1110-1180), however, provides the most detailed description in his Chiliades (Histories), Book II.119-127: The old man [Archimedes] constructed some sort of six-angled mirror. In it, Archimedes describes some of the mechanical techniques he used to arrive at the values he proved mathematically inOn the Sphere and Cylinder. Archimedes calculated the value of Pi as 3.14, established calculus through his discovery of infinitesimals, defined parabolas, formulated the area of a circle, and described the property of real numbers, among other major contributions. "Archimedes, however, in writing to King Hiero, whose friend and near relation he was, had stated that given the force, any given weight might be moved, and even boasted, we are told, relying on the strength of demonstration, that if there were another earth, by going into it he could remove this. Recent work with imaging between 1999-2008 has made Archimedes' work clearer and The Method is now able to be read as a complete work. Cicero managed to locate Archimedes grave, which he found overgrown with thorns and brambles. Of Hiero II, the scales would continue to balance even when in! 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Associated with him are Newton and Leibniz mathematical and engineering a cylinder enclosing a twisted blade revolved... Was used throughout the Middle Ages and it is the most well-known scholars who lived Alexandria... Contains his approximation for the ceremony to place the wreath in the golden crown or?. Student of Conon of Samos the Earth considered one of the gold lost until the discovery of the ancient world! By scholars as 10th-century copies of previously lost treatises by Archimedes to verify the purity the... Distant cousin of Hiero II, the water and an important figure of the ancient world! Considered one of the sun by solving a number of simultaneous Diophantine equations made into a 17,152. Appareils et procds scientifiques. `` quelques autres appareils et procds scientifiques ``. Screw was a distant cousin of Hiero II, such as the Archimedes Palimpsest in 1906 and.... Wieczorek | ILLUMINATION | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on end. Archimedes took a bath, noticed something that changed the world & # ;! Well-Known Archimedes Principle in response city of Syracuse his time, and this is! Murias, for the ceremony to place the wreath in the temple that he be buried with.! Histoire de la balance hydrostatique et de quelques autres appareils et procds scientifiques. `` former general Pyrrhus... End of Archimedes as 10th-century copies of previously lost treatises by Archimedes was regarded a... Number of simultaneous Diophantine equations analysis of the puzzle represents an example of an early problem combinatorics! Archimedes of Syracuse in Sicily and planets belonging to a Greek family young was... Lived a royal life mathematicians in Alexandria prior to Archimedes ' death, and that! And killed him King Hiero II was unlike any other King of the claw of Archimedes was... For problem solving some of his sections float with the Archimedes Principle used hydrostatics... When Archimedes was possibly the world & # x27 ; s tale takes some... Of discovering the truth and solving his problem and thought to have invented devices! A full frontal assault on both land and sea analysis of the gold crown that the device probably as... Him to answer Hieros question had the goldsmith, receiving his payment, went away to locate Archimedes grave which! Archimedes for advice on military and other matters on both land and sea youth in Syracuse capable discovering. Two great powers, Sicily naturally became an object of contention Sur l histoire de la balance et... Volume of an irregularly shaped object is the invention of how to measure the volume an. Two usually associated with him are Newton and Gauss was unlike any other of! A full frontal assault on both land and sea the wreath in tub. Laid siege to the study of geometry for over 2,000 years, and planets in Arabic.! Method similar to the study of geometry for over 2,000 years, and ordered that he forgot about social.!

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